Jump to content

Schizotypal personality disorder

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Not to be confused with Semantic pragmatic disorder, Schizotypy, Schizoid personality disorder, or Schizoaffective disorder.
Schizotypal personality disorder
Other namesSchizotypal disorder
SpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology
SymptomsIdeas of reference, unusual beliefs, perceptual illusions, odd thinking and speech, paranoia, inappropriate affect, strange behavior, social anxiety, dissociation[1][2][3]
ComplicationsSchizophrenia, substance use disorder, major depressive disorder
Usual onset10–20 years old
DurationChronic
CausesGenetics; childhood neglect; childhood abuse
Risk factorsFamily history
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms
Differential diagnosisCluster A personality disorders, borderline personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, autism, social anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dissociative identity disorder[1] [2][3]
TreatmentCognitive behavioral therapy, metacognitive therapy, cognitive remediation therapy
MedicationAntipsychotics, antidepressants
PrognosisTypically poor, although significant improvements can be made
FrequencyEstimated 3% of general population

Schizotypal personality disorder (StPD or SPD), also known as schizotypal disorder, is a cluster A personality disorder.[4][5] The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) describes the disorder specifically as a personality disorder characterized by thought disorder, paranoia, a characteristic form of social anxiety, derealization, transient psychosis, and unconventional beliefs.

People with this disorder often feel pronounced discomfort in forming and maintaining social connections with other people, primarily due to the belief that other people harbor negative thoughts and views about them.[6] Peculiar speech mannerisms and socially unexpected modes of dress are also characteristic. People with StPD may react oddly in conversations, not respond, or talk to themselves.[6] They frequently interpret situations as being strange or having unusual meanings for them; paranormal and superstitious beliefs are common. People with StPD usually disagree with the suggestion that their thoughts and behaviors are a 'disorder' and seek medical attention for depression or anxiety instead. Schizotypal personality disorder occurs in approximately 3% of the general population and is more commonly diagnosed in males.[7]

Signs and symptoms

[edit]
People with StPD can feel intense paranoia.
People with StPD can have abnormal sensory experiences.

Magical thinking

[edit]

Odd and magical thinking is common among people with StPD.[8][9][10] They are more likely to believe in supernatural phenomena and entities.[11][12][13][14] It is common for people with StPD to experience severe social anxiety and have paranoid ideation.[15][16] Ideas of reference are common in people with StPD.[17][18][19] They can feel as if expressing themselves is dangerous. They may also feel that others are more competent, and have deeply entrenched and pervasive insecurities. Strange thinking patterns may be a defense mechanism against these feelings.[20] People with StPD usually have limited levels of self-awareness.[21] They may believe others think of them more negatively than they actually do.[22]

Affect

[edit]

Patients with StPD can have difficulties in recognizing their or others' emotions.[23][24] This can extend to difficulties expressing emotion.[25][26] They may have limited responses to others' emotions and can be ambivalent.[27] It is common for people with StPD to derive limited joy from activities.[28][29][30] People with StPD are typically more socially isolated and uninterested in social situations than most people,[31][32][33] although they can be socially active on the internet.[34] Depersonalization,[35][36] derealization,[37] boredom,[38] and internal fantasies are common in patients with StPD. Abnormal facial expressions are also common in people with StPD, and they can have aberrant eye movements and difficulty responding to stimuli.[39][40][41][42][43] They are more prone to substance abuse or suicidal ideation.[44][45] Another epidemiological study on suicidal behavior in StPD found that, even when accounting for sociodemographic factors, people with StPD were 1.51 times more likely to attempt suicide.[46]

Cognitition

[edit]

People with StPD tend to have cognitive impairments.[47] They can have abnormal perceptional and sensory experiences such as illusions.[48][49] For example, someone with StPD may perceive colors as lighter or darker than others perceive them.[50] Facial perception may also be difficult for people with the disorder.[51][52][53][54] They can see others as deformed, may misrecognize them, or can feel as if they are alien to them.[50] People with StPD can have difficulty processing information such as speech or language.[55][56][57] They are more likely to speak slowly, with less fluctuation in pitch,[58] and long pauses between speech. Patients with StPD may have a lower odor detection threshold,[59] and can have impaired auditory or olfactory processing.[60] It is also common for people with StPD to struggle with context processing,[61][62] which cause them to form loose connections between events.[63] In addition, people with StPD can have decreased capacities for multisensory integration or contrast sensitivity,[64][65][66][67] either hyperreactive or impaired reactions to sensory input,[68][69][70] slower response times,[43] impaired attention,[71][72][73] poorer postural control,[74] and difficulties with decision-making.[75][76] They can have difficulties in memory,[77][78][79] and may have frequent intrusive memories of events.[80] It is common for people with StPD to feel déjà vu or as if they can accurately predict future events due to abnormalities in the brain's memory storage.[81]

History

[edit]

StPD was introduced in 1980 in the DSM-III.[82] Its inclusion provided a new classification for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and of personality disorders that were previously unspecified.[83][82] Its diagnosis was developed through differentiating the classifications of borderline personality disorder, of which some of the diagnosed population demonstrated schizophrenia-spectrum traits.[83][82] When the separation of borderline personality disorder and StPD was originally suggested by Spitzer and Endicott, Siever and Gunderson opposed the distinction.[84][83] Siever and Gunderson's opposition to Spitzer and Endicott was that StPD was related to schizophrenia.[85] Spitzer and Endicott stated "We believe, as do the authors, that the evidence for the genetic relationship between Schizotypal features and Chronic Schizophrenia is suggestive rather than proven".[83] StPD was included in the DSM-IV and the DSM-V and saw little change in its diagnosis.[82]

Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Epidemiology

[edit]

The reported prevalence of StPD in community studies ranges from 1.37% in a Norwegian sample, to 4.6% in an American sample.[86] A large American study found a lifetime prevalence of 3.9%, with somewhat higher rates among men (4.2%) than women (3.7%).[7] It may be uncommon in clinical populations, with reported rates of up to 1.9%.[86] It has been estimated to be prevalent among up to 5.2% of the general population.[87] Together with other cluster A personality disorders, it is also very common among homeless people who show up at drop-in centers, according to a 2008 New York study. The study did not address homeless people who do not show up at drop-in centers.[88] Schizotypal disorder may be overdiagnosed in Russia and other post-Soviet states.[89]

Prognosis

[edit]

People with StPD usually had symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder in childhood.[90] Traits of StPD usually remain consistently present over time,[91][92] although can fluctuate greatly in severity and stability.[93][94] DSM characterizes StPD as having nine major symptoms: ideas of reference, odd/magical beliefs, social anxiety, not having close friends, odd or eccentric behavior, odd speech, unusual perceptions, suspiciousness, schizo-obsessive behaviors[95] and constricted affect.[96] There may be gender differences in the symptomology of men and women with StPD.[97] Women with the disorder might be more likely to have less severe cognitive deficits, and more severe social anxiety and magical thinking.[98][99][100] People with StPD are more likely to only have a high school education, to be unemployed,[101] and to have significant functional impairment.[102] The two traits of StPD which are least likely to change are paranoia and abnormal experiences.[94]

Compared to those without StPD, adolescents with StPD spend more time socialising on the Internet, such as on forums, chat rooms and cooperative computer games, and spend less time socialising in-person.[103] People who are treatment-resistant to obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) behavioral therapy and medication that also display odd or eccentric behaviors could contribute to the coexistence of obsessive–compulsive disorder with schizotypal disorder.[95]

Etiology

[edit]

Genetic

[edit]

Although environmental factors likely play an important role in the onset of the disorder, people who have relatives with schizotypy,[104][105][106] mood disorders,[107] or other disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum are at a higher likelihood of developing StPD.[108][106][109] The COMT Val158Met polymorphism and its Val or Met allele are suspected to be associated with Schizotypal personality disorder.[110][111][112][113] These genes affect dopamine production in the brain,[114][115][116] a neurochemical thought to be associated with schizotypal traits.[117][118] The gene may also contribute to decreased levels of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex.[119][120] This may lead to impaired capacities for decision-making,[121] speech,[122] cognitive flexibility,[123] and altered perceptual experiences.[124] The rs1006737 polymorphism of the CACNA1C gene is also believed to have a part in schizotypal symptoms.[125] It may lead to a significantly increased physiological response to stress through the cortisol awakening response in the brain.[126][127][128][129] It may also negatively affect reward processing in the brain and lead to anhedonia or depression in patients.[130][131] These factors possibly lead to the development of Schizotypal traits.[132] The zinc-finger protein ZNF804A likely affects the levels of paranoia, anxiety, and ideas of reference in StPD.[133][134][135] This gene is also thought to negatively impact attention in people with StPD.[136] It may lead to an increased level of white matter volume in the frontal lobe.[137] Another gene, the NOTCH4 is thought to relate to Schizophrenia spectrum disorders.[138][139] It can lead to disruptions in the occipital cortex, and therefore symptoms of schizotypy.[140] The GLRA1 and the p250GAP genes are also potentially associated with StPD.[141][142][143] It may lead to abnormally low levels of Glutamic acids in the NDMA receptors, which impairs memory and learning.[144][145][146][147] StPD may stem from abnormalities in Chromosome 22.[148][149][150]

Neurological

[edit]

Exposure to influenza during week 23 of gestation is associated with a higher likelihood of developing StPD. Poor nutrition in childhood may also contribute to the onset of StPD by altering the course of brain development.[151] Numerous areas of the brain are thought to be associated with StPD. Higher levels of dopamine in the brain,[152][153] possibly specifically the D1 receptor,[154][155][156] might contribute to the development of StPD. StPD is associated with heightened dopaminergic activity in the striatum.[157][158][159][160] Their symptoms may also stem from higher presynaptic dopamine release.[161][162][163][164] People with StPD may also have decreased volumes of grey or white matter in their caudate nucleus,[165][166] which leads to difficulties in speech.[167][168][169][170] People with StPD likely have a reduced volume in their temporal lobes,[171][172][173] possibly specifically the left hemisphere. The reduced levels of gray matter in these areas may be linked to their negative symptoms.[174] Reduced volume of gray or white matter in the superior temporal gyrus or the transverse temporal gyrus are thought to lead to issues with speech,[97][175][176][177] memory, and hallucinations.[178][179] Deficits in the gray matter volume of the temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex are likely associated with impairments in cognitive function, sensory processing, speech, executive function, decision-making, and emotional processing present in people with StPD.[180][181] StPD symptoms may also be influenced by reduced internal capsule,[182][183][184] which carries information to the cerebral cortex.[185] People with StPD can also have impairments in the uncinate fasciculus, which connects parts of the limbic system.[186] People with StPD have reduced levels of gray matter in their middle frontal gyrus and Brodmann area 10.[187] Although, not as reduced as patients with Schizophrenia.[187] Possibly preventing them from developing schizophrenia.[188] Increased gyrification in gyri by the cerebellum may lead to dysconnectivity in the brain, and therefore, schizotypal symptoms.[189][190] They may also have a hyporeactive,[191] or hyperreactive amygdala.[192] As well as hyperactive pituitary glands and putamens.[193][194] It is also possible that lower capacities for prepulse inhibition plays a role in StPD.[195][196][197][198] Research has suggested that people with StPD can have higher concentrations of Homovanillic acids.[199] Abnormalities in the cave of septum pellucidum may also be present.[200] In people predisposed to the development of Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, the consumption of cannabis can induce the onset of StPD or other disorders with psychotic symptoms.[201][202][203][204]

Environmental

[edit]

Unique environmental factors, which differ from shared sibling experiences, have been found to play a role in the development of StPD and its dimensions. There is evidence to suggest that parenting styles, early separation, childhood trauma, and childhood neglect can lead to the development of schizotypal traits.[205][206][207] Neglect, abuse, stress,[208] trauma,[209][210][211] or family dysfunction during childhood may increase the risk of developing schizotypal personality disorder.[46][212][213] There is also evidence indicating that disruptions in brain development during the prenatal period could affect the development of StPD.[214] Over time, children learn to interpret social cues and respond appropriately but for unknown reasons this process does not work well for people with this disorder.[215] During childhood, people with StPD may have seen little emotional expression from their parents. Another possibility is that they were excessively criticized or felt like they were constantly under threat,[216] potentially resulting in the onset of social anxiety, strange thinking patterns,[217] and blunted affect present in StPD.[218][217][219] Their difficulties in social situations might eventually cause the individual to withdraw from most social interactions, thus leading to asociality.[73] Children with schizotypal symptoms usually are more likely to indulge in internal fantasies,[220] more anxious, socially isolated, and more sensitive to criticism.[221] People with the most severe cases of StPD usually have a combination of childhood trauma and a genetic basis for their condition.[222][223]

Diagnosis

[edit]

Formal diagnostic criteria

[edit]

StPD is characterized by 5 or more of the following:[224]

  • Ideas of reference (but not delusions of reference)
  • Odd beliefs or magical thinking (e.g. the supernatural or special connection or bond to an abuser)
  • Unusual perceptional experiences (hearing a voice, dissociative experiences, illusions, etc.)
  • Odd thought and speech (e.g. jumping from one topic to another)
  • Eccentric behavior and/or appearance
  • Paranoid ideation
  • Moods and facial expressions that don't match each other or the situation
  • Few to no close supports
  • Excessive social anxiety that remains even with familiar people

These symptoms must have begun by early adulthood.

Differential diagnosis

[edit]
Diagnosis Details
Other mental disorders with psychotic symptoms Unlike delusional disorder, schizophrenia, or mood disorders with psychotic features, StPD is not characterized by a persistent period of psychotic symptoms. StPD symptoms must also persist when psychotic symptoms are not present.[90][91]
Personality change due to another medical condition Symptoms similar to those of StPD can appear due to other medical conditions that affect the central nervous system or substance use disorders.
Other personality disorders Other personality disorders can have symptoms similar to StPD. People with schizotypal personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder can also be socially detached and have blunted affects, but without the cognitive or perceptual distortions of StPD. Individuals with StPD and people with avoidant personality disorder can have limited close relationships. However, people with AvPD rarely have the eccentric behaviour of StPD. Psychotic-like symptoms can also appear in borderline personality disorder, but those with BPD fear social isolation while those with StPD are comfortable with it. People with StPD are also usually less impulsive than people with BPD. Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder may also appear socially alienated, however, this is due to fears of having flaws noticed by others.[86]

Differential diagnosis with the following disorders should also be considered:

Screening

[edit]

There are various methods of screening for schizotypal personality. The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) measures nine traits of StPD using a self-report assessment.[225] The nine traits referenced are Ideas of Reference, Excessive Social Anxiety, Odd Beliefs or Magical Thinking, Unusual Perceptual Experiences, Odd or Eccentric Behavior, No Close Friends, Odd Speech, Constricted Affect, and Suspiciousness. A study found that of the participants who scored in the top 10th percentile of all the SPQ scores, 55% were clinically diagnosed with StPD.[226] It has been adapted into a computerized adaptive version, known as the SPQ-CAT.[227] A method that measures the risk of developing psychosis through self-reports is the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scale (WSS).[228] The WSS divides schizotypal personality traits into 4 scales for Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, Revised Social Anhedonia, and Physical Anhedonia.[229][230] A comparison of the SPQ and the WSS suggests that these measures should be cautiously used for screening of StPD.[230]

When screening for StPD, it is difficult to distinguish between schizotypal personality disorder and autism spectrum disorder.[231] In order to develop better screening tools, researchers are looking into the importance of ipseity disturbance, which is characteristic of schizophrenia spectrum disorders such as StPD but not of autism.[232][231]

Millon's subtypes

[edit]

Theodore Millon proposes two subtypes of schizotypal personality.[233][234] Any individual with schizotypal personality disorder may exhibit either one of the following somewhat different subtypes (note that Millon believes it is rare for a personality to show one pure variant, but rather a mixture of one major variant with one or more secondary variants):

Subtype Description Personality traits
Insipid schizotypal A structural exaggeration of the passive-detached pattern. It includes schizoid, depressive and dependent features. Sense of strangeness and nonbeing; overtly drab, sluggish, inexpressive; internally bland, barren, indifferent, and insensitive; obscured, vague, and tangential thoughts.
Timorous schizotypal A structural exaggeration of the active-detached pattern. It includes avoidant and negativistic features. Warily apprehensive, watchful, suspicious, guarded, shrinking, deadens excess sensitivity; alienated from self and others; intentionally blocks, reverses, or disqualifies own thoughts.

Millon's typology of personality disorders was influential in the development of the DSM-III, particularly with respect to distinguishing between schizoid, schizotypal and avoidant personality disorders.[235] These had previously been considered different surface-level expressions of the same underlying personality structure, and some psychologists, particularly those working in psychoanalytic or psychodynamic traditions, still take these personality disorders to be essentially similar.[236][237]

Common comorbidities

[edit]

Treatment

[edit]

Medication

[edit]
Ball-and-stick model of Risperidone, a drug used to treat StPD
Model of Cognitive behavioral therapy, a type of therapy used to treat StPD

StPD is rarely seen as the primary reason for treatment in a clinical setting, but it often occurs as a comorbid finding with other mental disorders. When patients with StPD have prescribed pharmaceuticals, they are usually prescribed antipsychotics,[255][256][257] however, the use of neuroleptic drugs in the schizotypal population is in great doubt.[258] The antipsychotics which show promise as treatments for StPD include olanzapine,[259] risperidone,[260][261] haloperidol,[262] and thiothixene.[263] The antidepressant fluoxetine may also be helpful.[264][265] While people with schizotypal personality disorder and other attenuated psychotic-spectrum disorders may have a good outcome with neuroleptics in the short term, long-term follow-up suggests significant impairment in daily functioning compared to schizotypal and even schizophrenic people without antipsychotic drug exposure.[266] Positive, negative, and depressive symptoms were shown to be improved by the used of olanzapine, an antipsychotic.[264] Those with comorbid OCD and StPD were most positively affected by the use of olanzapine, and showed worse outcomes with the use of clomipramine, an antidepressant.[261] Antidepressants are also sometimes prescribed, whether for StPD proper or for comorbid anxiety and depression.[258][261] However, there is some ambiguity in the efficacy of antidepressants, as many studies have only tested people with StPD and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder or borderline personality disorder. They have shown little efficacy for treating dysthymia and anhedonia related to StPD.[5] Both of these medications are the most frequently prescribed medication for StPD, though the use and efficacy of them should be evaluated differently for every case.[264] The use of stimulants has also shown some efficacy, especially for those with worsened cognitive and attentional issues. Patients that suffer from concurrent psychosis should be monitored more closely if stimulants are used as part of their treatment.[5] Other drugs which may be effective include pergolide,[267] guanfacine,[268][269][270][271] and dihydrexidine.[272][273][274]

Therapy

[edit]

According to Theodore Millon, schizotypal personality disorder is one of the easiest personality disorders to identify but one of the most difficult to treat with psychotherapy.[233] Cognitive remediation therapy,[269][275][276] metacognitive therapy, supportive psychotherapy,[277] social skills training[278] and cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective treatments for the disorder.[279][280] Increased social interaction with others may be able to help limit symptoms of StPD.[281] Support is especially important for schizotypal patients with predominant paranoid symptoms, because they may have difficulties even in highly structured groups.[282] Persons with StPD usually consider themselves to be simply eccentric or nonconformist; the degree to which they consider their social nonconformity a problem differs from the degree to which it is considered a problem in psychiatry. It is difficult to gain rapport with people with StPD because increasing familiarity and intimacy often increase their level of anxiety and discomfort.[283] Therapy for StPD must be flexible to face emergencies or unique challenges.[277]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Ghorbali A, Shaeiri M, Fesharaki M (July 2021). "Relationship between Dissociative Experiences and Schizotypal Personality Traits: Mediating Role of Inferential Confusion". Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 17 (1): 52–60. doi:10.18502/ijps.v17i1.8049. PMC 8994835. PMID 35480133.
  2. ^ a b Kaplan AM, Smith CM (20 July 2021). "Schizotypal personality disorder disguised as dissociative identity disorder". BMJ Case Reports. 14 (7): e243454. doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-243454. PMC 8292736. PMID 34285029.
  3. ^ a b Giesbrecht T, Merckelbach H, Kater M, Sluis AF (October 2007). "Why dissociation and schizotypy overlap: the joint influence of fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 195 (10): 812–818. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181568137. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 18043521. S2CID 45086235. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  4. ^ Sartorius N, Henderson A, Strotzka H, Lipowski Z, Yu-cun S, You-xin X, et al. "The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines" (PDF). www.who.int. World Health Organization. bluebook.doc. pp. 77, 83–4. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b c d Rosell DR, Futterman SE, McMaster A, Siever LJ (July 2014). "Schizotypal personality disorder: a current review". Current Psychiatry Reports. 16 (7): 452. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0452-1. PMC 4182925. PMID 24828284.
  6. ^ a b Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2010). Psychology. Worth Publishers.
  7. ^ a b Pulay AJ, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B, et al. (2009). "Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 11 (2): 53–67. doi:10.4088/PCC.08m00679. PMC 2707116. PMID 19617934.
  8. ^ Fonseca-Pedrero E, Ortuño J, Debbané M, Chan RC, Cicero D, Zhang LC, et al. (October 2018). "The Network Structure of Schizotypal Personality Traits". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 44 (suppl_2): S468–S479. doi:10.1093/schbul/sby044. PMC 6188518. PMID 29684178.
  9. ^ Davidson CA, Hoffman L, Spaulding WD (April 2016). "Schizotypal personality questionnaire--brief revised (updated): An update of norms, factor structure, and item content in a large non-clinical young adult sample". Psychiatry Research. 238: 345–355. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.01.053. PMC 4834869. PMID 27086255.
  10. ^ Sokolova E, Andreyuk K, Ryzhov A (2021). "Relationship of abstract thinking to mentalization in schizophrenia". European Psychiatry. 64 (S1): S527. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1407. ISSN 0924-9338. PMC 9475916.
  11. ^ Crespi B, Dinsdale N, Read S, Hurd P (2019-03-08). "Spirituality, dimensional autism, and schizotypal traits: The search for meaning". PLOS ONE. 14 (3): e0213456. Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1413456C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213456. PMC 6407781. PMID 30849096.
  12. ^ Carvalho LF, Sagradim DE, Pianowski G, Gonçalves AP (2020-10-19). "Relationship between religiosity domains and traits from borderline and schizotypal personality disorders in a Brazilian community sample". Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. 42 (3): 239–246. doi:10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0085. PMC 7879071. PMID 33084801. S2CID 224828232.
  13. ^ Breslin MJ, Lewis CA (2015-03-04). "Schizotypy and Religiosity: The Magic of Prayer". Archive for the Psychology of Religion. 37 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1163/15736121-12341300. ISSN 0084-6724. S2CID 144734469.
  14. ^ Byrom GN (2009). "Differential Relationships between Experiential and Interpretive Dimensions of Mysticism and Schizotypal Magical Ideation in a University Sample". Archive for the Psychology of Religion. 31 (2): 127–150. doi:10.1163/157361209X424420. ISSN 0084-6724. S2CID 143580864.
  15. ^ Farsham A, Abbaslou T, Bidaki R, Bozorg B (April 2017). "Comparing Facial Emotional Recognition in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Patients with Schizotypal Personality Disorder with a Normal Group". Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 12 (2): 87–92. PMC 5483242. PMID 28659980.
  16. ^ Dickey CC, McCarley RW, Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier MM, Seidman LJ, Kim S, et al. (October 2005). "Clinical, cognitive, and social characteristics of a sample of neuroleptic-naive persons with schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 78 (2–3): 297–308. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.05.016. PMC 2766931. PMID 15985362.
  17. ^ Wong KK, Raine A (2020-09-18). "Schizotypal Personality Disorder". In Carducci BJ, Nave CS, Mio JS, Riggio RE (eds.). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 115–120. doi:10.1002/9781118970843.ch283. ISBN 978-1-118-97074-4.
  18. ^ Hummelen B, Pedersen G, Karterud S (May 2012). "Some suggestions for the DSM-5 schizotypal personality disorder construct". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 53 (4): 341–349. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.05.009. PMID 21741634.
  19. ^ Chan CC, Bulbena-Cabre A, Rutter S, Benavides C, McClure MM, Calabrese W, et al. (July 2019). "Comparison of self-report and clinician-rated schizotypal traits in schizotypal personality disorder and community controls". Schizophrenia Research. 209: 263–268. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.050. PMC 6614007. PMID 30635257.
  20. ^ Pattamanusorn N, Wongpakaran N, Thongpibul K, Wongpakaran T, Kuntawong P (May 2020). "Pathogenic beliefs among patients with schizotypal personality disorder". Heliyon. 6 (5): e03870. Bibcode:2020Heliy...603870P. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03870. PMC 7200782. PMID 32382682. S2CID 218555815.
  21. ^ Raballo A, Poletti M, Preti A, Parnas J (July 2021). "The Self in the Spectrum: A Meta-analysis of the Evidence Linking Basic Self-Disorders and Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 47 (4): 1007–1017. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa201. PMC 8266610. PMID 33479736.
  22. ^ Carlson EN, Oltmanns TF (August 2015). "The Role of Metaperception in Personality Disorders: Do People with Personality Problems Know How Others Experience Their Personality?". Journal of Personality Disorders. 29 (4): 449–467. doi:10.1521/pedi.2015.29.4.449. PMC 4760634. PMID 26200846.
  23. ^ Dickey CC, Panych LP, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, Terry DP, Murphy C, et al. (September 2011). "Facial emotion recognition and facial affect display in schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 131 (1–3): 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.020. PMC 3159849. PMID 21640557.
  24. ^ Thakkar KN, Park S (September 2010). "Empathy, schizotypy, and visuospatial transformations". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 15 (5): 477–500. doi:10.1080/13546801003711350. PMC 2933940. PMID 20437282.
  25. ^ Dickey CC, Vu MA, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, McCarley RW, Panych LP (December 2012). "Prosodic abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 142 (1–3): 20–30. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.006. PMC 3502641. PMID 23068317.
  26. ^ Phillips LK, Seidman LJ (September 2008). "Emotion processing in persons at risk for schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (5): 888–903. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn085. PMC 2518637. PMID 18644853.
  27. ^ van 't Wout M, Sanfey AG (January 2011). "Interactive decision-making in people with schizotypal traits: a game theory approach". Psychiatry Research. 185 (1–2): 92–96. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.05.013. PMC 2943544. PMID 20538347.
  28. ^ Shi YF, Wang Y, Cao XY, Wang Y, Wang YN, Zong JG, et al. (2012-05-16). "Experience of pleasure and emotional expression in individuals with schizotypal personality features". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e34147. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...734147S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034147. PMC 3353966. PMID 22615731.
  29. ^ Yan C, Liu WH, Cao Y, Chan RC (September 2011). "Self-reported pleasure experience and motivation in individuals with schizotypal personality disorders proneness". East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 21 (3): 115–122. PMID 21921305.
  30. ^ Horan WP, Blanchard JJ, Clark LA, Green MF (September 2008). "Affective traits in schizophrenia and schizotypy". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (5): 856–874. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn083. PMC 2632479. PMID 18667393.
  31. ^ Geng FL, Xu T, Wang Y, Shi HS, Yan C, Neumann DL, et al. (November 2013). "Developmental trajectories of schizotypal personality disorder-like behavioural manifestations: a two-year longitudinal prospective study of college students". BMC Psychiatry. 13 (1): 323. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-323. PMC 3875349. PMID 24289659.
  32. ^ Blanchard JJ, Aghevli M, Wilson A, Sargeant M (May 2010). "Developmental instability in social anhedonia: an examination of minor physical anomalies and clinical characteristics". Schizophrenia Research. 118 (1–3): 162–167. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.028. PMC 2856752. PMID 19944570.
  33. ^ Vinogradova M, Chepeliuk A, Dorofeeva O (2021). "Productivity of the performance of visual perceptual tasks and symptom severity in patients with schizotypal disorder". European Psychiatry. 64 (S1): S525. doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1402. ISSN 0924-9338. PMC 9476036.
  34. ^ Mittal VA, Tessner KD, Walker EF (August 2007). "Elevated social Internet use and schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents". Schizophrenia Research. 94 (1–3): 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.009. PMC 2323598. PMID 17532188.
  35. ^ de Francisco Carvalho L, Magarotto Machado G, Padovani S, Pianowski G (December 2021). "Measuring pathological traits of the schizotypal personality disorder through the HiTOP model". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 62 (6): 839–845. doi:10.1111/sjop.12761. PMID 34245006. S2CID 235786787.
  36. ^ Hamilton HK, Simeon D (2018-12-27), Moskowitz A, Dorahy MJ, Schäfer I (eds.), "Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder", Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation (1st ed.), Wiley, pp. 241–256, doi:10.1002/9781118585948.ch15, ISBN 978-1-119-95285-5, S2CID 149618564, retrieved 2022-10-29
  37. ^ Hamilton H, Simeon D (November 19, 2018). "Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder". Psychosis, Trauma and Dissociation: Evolving Perspectives on Severe Psychopathology. Wiley. pp. 241–256. doi:10.1002/9781118585948.ch15. ISBN 978-1-119-95285-5. S2CID 149618564.
  38. ^ Zandersen M, Parnas J (January 2019). "Identity Disturbance, Feelings of Emptiness, and the Boundaries of the Schizophrenia Spectrum". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 45 (1): 106–113. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx183. PMC 6293220. PMID 29373752.
  39. ^ Siever LJ, Coursey RD, Alterman IS, Buchsbaum MS, Murphy DL (December 1984). "Impaired smooth pursuit eye movement: vulnerability marker for schizotypal personality disorder in a normal volunteer population". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (12): 1560–1566. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.12.1560. PMID 6507660.
  40. ^ Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, Zhang J, Newmark RE, Glanton CF, Zelmanova Y, et al. (September 2008). "Frontal-striatal-thalamic mediodorsal nucleus dysfunction in schizophrenia-spectrum patients during sensorimotor gating". NeuroImage. 42 (3): 1164–1177. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.039. PMC 2548278. PMID 18588988.
  41. ^ Siever LJ, Keefe R, Bernstein DP, Coccaro EF, Klar HM, Zemishlany Z, et al. (June 1990). "Eye tracking impairment in clinically identified patients with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (6): 740–745. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.6.740. PMID 2343917.
  42. ^ Siever LJ, Friedman L, Moskowitz J, Mitropoulou V, Keefe R, Roitman SL, et al. (August 1994). "Eye movement impairment and schizotypal psychopathology". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (8): 1209–1215. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1209. PMID 8037257.
  43. ^ a b Cadenhead KS, Light GA, Geyer MA, Braff DL (January 2000). "Sensory gating deficits assessed by the P50 event-related potential in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (1): 55–59. doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.55. PMID 10618013. S2CID 20139616.
  44. ^ Raballo A, Parnas J (September 2011). "The silent side of the spectrum: schizotypy and the schizotaxic self". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (5): 1017–1026. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq008. PMC 3160219. PMID 20176859.
  45. ^ Fenton WS, McGlashan TH, Victor BJ, Blyler CR (February 1997). "Symptoms, subtype, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 154 (2): 199–204. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.2.199. PMID 9016268. S2CID 33964324.
  46. ^ a b Lentz V, Robinson J, Bolton JM (November 2010). "Childhood adversity, mental disorder comorbidity, and suicidal behavior in schizotypal personality disorder". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 198 (11): 795–801. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181f9804c. PMID 21048469. S2CID 205882039.
  47. ^ Weiser M, Noy S, Kaplan Z, Reichenberg A, Yazvitsky R, Nahon D, et al. (January 2003). "Generalized cognitive impairment in male adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 116B (1): 36–40. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10853. PMID 12497611. S2CID 24719039.
  48. ^ Hazlett EA, Rothstein EG, Ferreira R, Silverman JM, Siever LJ, Olincy A (February 2015). "Sensory gating disturbances in the spectrum: similarities and differences in schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Research. 161 (2–3): 283–290. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.020. PMC 4308515. PMID 25482574.
  49. ^ Cohen AS, Auster TL, MacAulay RK, McGovern JE (October 2014). "Illusory superiority and schizotypal personality: explaining the discrepancy between subjective/objective psychopathology". Personality Disorders. 5 (4): 413–418. doi:10.1037/per0000080. PMC 4372844. PMID 25150366.
  50. ^ a b Fonseca-Pedrero E, Badoud D, Antico L, Caputo GB, Eliez S, Schwartz S, et al. (March 2015). "Strange-face-in-the-mirror illusion and schizotypy during adolescence". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 41 (Suppl 2): S475–S482. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu196. PMC 4373638. PMID 25810060.
  51. ^ Leonards U, Mohr C (September 2009). "Schizotypal personality traits influence idiosyncratic initiation of saccadic face exploration". Vision Research. 49 (19): 2404–2413. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2009.07.013. PMID 19643123. S2CID 16477946.
  52. ^ Ahn S, Lustenberger C, Jarskog LF, Fröhlich F (February 2020). "Neurophysiological substrates of configural face perception in schizotypy". Schizophrenia Research. 216: 389–396. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.11.005. PMC 7239709. PMID 31801677.
  53. ^ Terrien S, Gobin P, Iakimova G, Coutté A, Thuaire F, Baltazart V, et al. (March 2016). "Electrophysiological correlates of emotional meaning in context in relation to facets of schizotypal personality traits: A dimensional study". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 70 (3): 141–150. doi:10.1111/pcn.12366. PMID 26482112. S2CID 206256765.
  54. ^ Mitropoulou V, Harvey PD, Zegarelli G, New AS, Silverman JM, Siever LJ (October 2005). "Neuropsychological performance in schizotypal personality disorder: importance of working memory". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (10): 1896–1903. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1896. PMID 16199836.
  55. ^ Rabella M, Grasa E, Corripio I, Romero S, Mañanas MÀ, Antonijoan RM, et al. (2016-01-01). "Neurophysiological evidence of impaired self-monitoring in schizotypal personality disorder and its reversal by dopaminergic antagonism". NeuroImage. Clinical. 11: 770–779. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.05.019. PMC 4909819. PMID 27330977. S2CID 14043730.
  56. ^ Niznikiewicz MA, Spencer KM, Dickey C, Voglmaier M, Seidman LJ, Shenton ME, et al. (May 2009). "Abnormal pitch mismatch negativity in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 110 (1–3): 188–193. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.017. PMC 4285443. PMID 19327968.
  57. ^ Gilleen J, Tesse M, Velikonja T, Weiser M, Davidson M, Reichenberg A (September 2020). "Schizotypal traits and neuropsychological performance: The role of processing speed". Schizophrenia Research. 223: 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.06.030. PMC 7704687. PMID 32631701. S2CID 220325569.
  58. ^ Dickey CC, Morocz IA, Minney D, Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier MM, Panych LP, et al. (August 2010). "Factors in sensory processing of prosody in schizotypal personality disorder: an fMRI experiment". Schizophrenia Research. 121 (1–3): 75–89. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.008. PMC 2905482. PMID 20362418.
  59. ^ Mathur N, Dawes C, Moran PM (July 2019). "Olfactory threshold selectively predicts positive psychometric schizotypy". Schizophrenia Research. 209: 80–87. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.014. PMID 31160166. S2CID 171091790.
  60. ^ Brenner CA, Sporns O, Lysaker PH, O'Donnell BF (December 2003). "EEG synchronization to modulated auditory tones in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (12): 2238–2240. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2238. PMID 14638599. S2CID 10677570.
  61. ^ Niznikiewicz MA, Shenton ME, Voglmaier M, Nestor PG, Dickey CC, Frumin M, et al. (October 2002). "Semantic dysfunction in women with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (10): 1767–1774. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1767. PMC 2845844. PMID 12359685.
  62. ^ McClure MM, Barch DM, Flory JD, Harvey PD, Siever LJ (May 2008). "Context processing in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of specificity of impairment to the schizophrenia spectrum". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 117 (2): 342–354. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.342. PMC 4176884. PMID 18489210.
  63. ^ Kiang M, Prugh J, Kutas M (February 2010). "An event-related brain potential study of schizotypal personality and associative semantic processing". International Journal of Psychophysiology. Psychophysiology of Language Processes in Psychopathology. 75 (2): 119–126. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.10.005. PMC 2827666. PMID 19818815.
  64. ^ Kent BW, Weinstein ZA, Passarelli V, Chen Y, Siever LJ (April 2011). "Deficient visual sensitivity in schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 127 (1–3): 144–150. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.013. PMC 2965789. PMID 20541911.
  65. ^ Harper L, Spencer E, Davidson C, Hutchinson CV (January 2020). "Selectively reduced contrast sensitivity in high schizotypy". Experimental Brain Research. 238 (1): 51–62. doi:10.1007/s00221-019-05695-9. PMC 6957544. PMID 31781821.
  66. ^ Ferri F, Ambrosini E, Costantini M (December 2016). "Spatiotemporal processing of somatosensory stimuli in schizotypy". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 38735. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638735F. doi:10.1038/srep38735. PMC 5146666. PMID 27934937. S2CID 11573502.
  67. ^ Dalal TC, Muller AM, Stevenson RA (February 2021). "The Relationship Between Multisensory Temporal Processing and Schizotypal Traits". Multisensory Research. 34 (5): 511–529. doi:10.1163/22134808-bja10044. PMID 33706260. S2CID 232206767.
  68. ^ Mannan MR, Hiramatsu KI, Hokama H, Ohta H (October 2001). "Abnormalities of auditory event-related potentials in students with schizotypal personality disorder". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 55 (5): 451–457. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00889.x. PMID 11555339. S2CID 21236561.
  69. ^ Niznikiewicz MA, Friedman M, Shenton ME, Voglmaier M, Nestor PG, Frumin M, et al. (May 2004). "Processing sentence context in women with schizotypal personality disorder: an ERP study". Psychophysiology. 41 (3): 367–371. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.2004.00173.x. PMC 2794422. PMID 15102121.
  70. ^ Dickey CC, Morocz IA, Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier M, Toner S, Khan U, et al. (August 2008). "Auditory processing abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder: an fMRI experiment using tones of deviant pitch and duration". Schizophrenia Research. 103 (1–3): 26–39. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.041. PMC 3188851. PMID 18555666.
  71. ^ Hur JW, Kim T, Cho KI, Kwon JS (January 2021). "Attenuated Resting-State Functional Anticorrelation between Attention and Executive Control Networks in Schizotypal Personality Disorder". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 10 (2): 312. doi:10.3390/jcm10020312. PMC 7829946. PMID 33467694.
  72. ^ Trotman H, McMillan A, Walker E (July 2006). "Cognitive function and symptoms in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 32 (3): 489–497. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj069. PMC 2632245. PMID 16611879.
  73. ^ a b Roitman SE, Cornblatt BA, Bergman A, Obuchowski M, Mitropoulou V, Keefe RS, et al. (May 1997). "Attentional functioning in schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 154 (5): 655–660. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.5.655. PMID 9137121.
  74. ^ Apthorp D, Bolbecker AR, Bartolomeo LA, O'Donnell BF, Hetrick WP (April 2019). "Postural Sway Abnormalities in Schizotypal Personality Disorder". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 45 (3): 512–521. doi:10.1093/schbul/sby141. PMC 6483590. PMID 30376125.
  75. ^ Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier MM, Shenton ME, Dickey CC, Seidman LJ, Teh E, et al. (October 2000). "Lateralized P3 deficit in schizotypal personality disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 48 (7): 702–705. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00938-0. PMC 2845845. PMID 11032982. S2CID 18619922.
  76. ^ Forsyth JK, Bolbecker AR, Mehta CS, Klaunig MJ, Steinmetz JE, O'Donnell BF, et al. (June 2012). "Cerebellar-dependent eyeblink conditioning deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 38 (4): 751–759. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq148. PMC 3406528. PMID 21148238.
  77. ^ Farmer CM, O'Donnell BF, Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier MM, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (May 2000). "Visual perception and working memory in schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (5): 781–788. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.781. PMC 2845849. PMID 10784472.
  78. ^ Shin YW, Krishnan G, Hetrick WP, Brenner CA, Shekhar A, Malloy FW, et al. (December 2010). "Increased temporal variability of auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia and Schizotypal Personality Disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 124 (1–3): 110–118. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.08.008. PMC 3009463. PMID 20817485.
  79. ^ Goldstein KE, Hazlett EA, Savage KR, Berlin HA, Hamilton HK, Zelmanova Y, et al. (April 2011). "Dorso- and ventro-lateral prefrontal volume and spatial working memory in schizotypal personality disorder". Behavioural Brain Research. 218 (2): 335–340. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.042. PMC 3049905. PMID 21115066.
  80. ^ Jones V, Steel C (September 2012). "Schizotypal personality and vulnerability to involuntary autobiographical memories" (PDF). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 43 (3): 871–876. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.008. PMID 22269251. S2CID 7975363.
  81. ^ Arzy S, Mohr C, Molnar-Szakacs I, Blanke O (January 2011). "Schizotypal perceptual aberrations of time: correlation between score, behavior and brain activity". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e16154. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616154A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016154. PMC 3022658. PMID 21267456.
  82. ^ a b c d Rosell, Futterman, McMaster, Siever (July 16, 2014). "Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Current Review". Current Psychiatry Reports. 16 (7): 452. doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0452-1. PMC 4182925. PMID 24828284.
  83. ^ a b c d Spitzer, Endicott (1979). "Justification for Separating Schizotypal and Borderline Personality Disorders". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 5 (1): 95–104. doi:10.1093/schbul/5.1.95. PMID 441693. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  84. ^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  85. ^ Siever LJ, Bernstein DP, Silverman JM (31 Jan 2011). "Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Review of Its Current Status". Journal of Personality Disorders. 5 (2): 178–193. doi:10.1521/pedi.1991.5.2.178. ISSN 0885-579X.
  86. ^ a b c Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. 2013. pp. 655–659. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8. OCLC 830807378.
  87. ^ a b c d Pulay AJ, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B, et al. (2009-04-16). "Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 11 (2): 53–67. doi:10.4088/PCC.08m00679. PMC 2707116. PMID 19617934.
  88. ^ Connolly AJ, Cobb-Richardson P, Ball SA (December 2008). "Personality disorders in homeless drop-in center clients" (PDF). Journal of Personality Disorders. 22 (6): 573–588. doi:10.1521/pedi.2008.22.6.573. PMID 19072678. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-17.
  89. ^ Быкова А. Ю., Беккер Р. А., Быков Ю. В. О трудностях дифференциальной диагностики между первичным деперсонализационно-дереализационным расстройством и шизотипическим расстройством // Siberian Journal of Life Sciences & Agriculture. — 2022. — Т. 14. — №. 1.
  90. ^ a b Jones HP, Testa RR, Ross N, Seal ML, Pantelis C, Tonge B (2015-01-06). "The Melbourne assessment of Schizotypy in kids: a useful measure of childhood schizotypal personality disorder". BioMed Research International. 2015: 635732. doi:10.1155/2015/635732. PMC 4300034. PMID 25629050.
  91. ^ a b Shea MT, Stout R, Gunderson J, Morey LC, Grilo CM, McGlashan T, et al. (December 2002). "Short-term diagnostic stability of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (12): 2036–2041. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.12.2036. PMID 12450953.
  92. ^ Alphen SP, Heijnen-Kohl SM (2019-01-25). "Personality Disorders in Later Life". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.420. ISBN 978-0-19-023655-7.
  93. ^ Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, Gunderson JG, Pagano ME, Yen S, Zanarini MC, et al. (October 2004). "Two-year stability and change of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 72 (5): 767–775. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.767. PMC 3289406. PMID 15482035.
  94. ^ a b McGlashan TH, Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, Ralevski E, Morey LC, Gunderson JG, et al. (May 2005). "Two-year prevalence and stability of individual DSM-IV criteria for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: toward a hybrid model of axis II disorders". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (5): 883–889. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.883. PMC 3272783. PMID 15863789.
  95. ^ a b Baer L (1986-03-01). "Coexistent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Poor Prognostic Indicator". Archives of General Psychiatry. 43 (3): 296. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800030114016. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 3954553.
  96. ^ Xi C, Cai Y, Peng S, Lian J, Tu D (2019-12-05). "A diagnostic classification version of Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire using diagnostic classification models". International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 29 (1): e1807. doi:10.1002/mpr.1807. ISSN 1049-8931. PMC 7051843. PMID 31808226.
  97. ^ a b Dickey CC, McCarley RW, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, Seidman LJ, Demeo S, et al. (December 2003). "An MRI study of superior temporal gyrus volume in women with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (12): 2198–2201. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2198. PMC 2826718. PMID 14638590.
  98. ^ Voglmaier MM, Seidman LJ, Niznikiewicz MA, Dickey CC, Shenton ME, McCarley RW (April 2005). "A comparative profile analysis of neuropsychological function in men and women with schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 74 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.013. PMC 2772126. PMID 15694753. S2CID 17916499.
  99. ^ Voglmaier MM, Seidman LJ, Niznikiewicz MA, Madan A, Dickey CC, Shenton ME, et al. (December 2009). "Dichotic listening in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence for gender and laterality effects". Schizophrenia Research. 115 (2–3): 290–292. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.028. PMC 3879145. PMID 19464150. S2CID 20730801.
  100. ^ Bora E, Baysan Arabaci L (October 2009). "Effect of age and gender on schizotypal personality traits in the normal population". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 63 (5): 663–669. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.02011.x. PMID 19674380. S2CID 22072954.
  101. ^ McClure MM, Harvey PD, Bowie CR, Iacoviello B, Siever LJ (March 2013). "Functional outcomes, functional capacity, and cognitive impairment in schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 144 (1–3): 146–150. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.012. PMC 3572293. PMID 23375943.
  102. ^ Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, McGlashan TH, Dyck IR, Stout RL, Bender DS, et al. (February 2002). "Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (2): 276–283. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.2.276. PMID 11823271.
  103. ^ Mittal VA, Tessner KD, Walker EF (2007). "Elevated social Internet use and schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents". Schizophrenia Research. 94 (1–3): 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.009. PMC 2323598. PMID 17532188.
  104. ^ Debbané M, Eliez S, Badoud D, Conus P, Flückiger R, Schultze-Lutter F (March 2015). "Developing psychosis and its risk states through the lens of schizotypy". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 41 (Suppl 2): S396–S407. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu176. PMC 4373628. PMID 25548386.
  105. ^ Schultze-Lutter F, Nenadic I, Grant P (2019). "Psychosis and Schizophrenia-Spectrum Personality Disorders Require Early Detection on Different Symptom Dimensions". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 476. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00476. PMC 6637034. PMID 31354543.
  106. ^ a b Kemp KC, Bathery AJ, Barrantes-Vidal N, Kwapil TR (2020-08-10). "A brief questionnaire measure of multidimensional schizotypy predicts interview-rated symptoms and impairment". PLOS ONE. 15 (8): e0237614. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1537614K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237614. PMC 7416934. PMID 32776979.
  107. ^ Squires-Wheeler E, Skodol AE, Bassett A, Erlenmeyer-Kimling L (1989). "DSM-III-R schizotypal personality traits in offspring of schizophrenic disorder, affective disorder, and normal control parents". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 23 (3–4): 229–239. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(89)90028-9. PMC 3160972. PMID 2635220.
  108. ^ Tarbox SI, Pogue-Geile MF (November 2011). "A multivariate perspective on schizotypy and familial association with schizophrenia: a review". Clinical Psychology Review. 31 (7): 1169–1182. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.002. PMC 3176972. PMID 21855827.
  109. ^ Torti MC, Buzzanca A, Squarcione C, Salerno C, Mirigliani A, Di Fabio F, et al. (October 2013). "Schizotypy and personality profiles of Cluster A in a group of schizophrenic patients and their siblings". BMC Psychiatry. 13 (1): 245. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-245. PMC 3856523. PMID 24094118.
  110. ^ Skilleter AJ, Weickert CS, Moustafa AA, Gendy R, Chan M, Arifin N, et al. (November 2014). "BDNF val66met genotype and schizotypal personality traits interact to influence probabilistic association learning". Behavioural Brain Research. 274: 137–142. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.041. PMID 25125238. S2CID 18041054.
  111. ^ Siever LJ (2005). "Endophenotypes in the personality disorders". Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 7 (2): 139–151. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2005.7.2/lsiever. PMC 3181730. PMID 16262209.
  112. ^ Docherty AR, Sponheim SR (November 2008). "Anhedonia as a phenotype for the Val158Met COMT polymorphism in relatives of patients with schizophrenia". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 117 (4): 788–798. doi:10.1037/a0013745. PMC 2936689. PMID 19025226.
  113. ^ Leung WW, McClure MM, Siever LJ, Barch DM, Harvey PD (December 2007). "Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype in healthy and personality disorder individuals: Preliminary results from an examination of cognitive tests hypothetically differentially sensitive to dopamine functions". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 3 (6): 925–934. doi:10.2147/NDT.S1500. PMC 2656336. PMID 19300629. S2CID 8816485.
  114. ^ Sheldrick AJ, Krug A, Markov V, Leube D, Michel TM, Zerres K, et al. (September 2008). "Effect of COMT val158met genotype on cognition and personality". European Psychiatry. 23 (6): 385–389. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.05.002. PMID 18755576. S2CID 45960144.
  115. ^ Steiner GZ, Fernandez FM, Coles M, Karamacoska D, Barkus E, Broyd SJ, et al. (July 2019). "Interrogating the Relationship Between Schizotypy, the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met Polymorphism, and Neuronal Oscillatory Activity". Cerebral Cortex. 29 (7): 3048–3058. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy171. PMID 30084963.
  116. ^ Barnett JH, Jones PB, Robbins TW, Müller U (May 2007). "Effects of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on executive function: a meta-analysis of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test in schizophrenia and healthy controls". Molecular Psychiatry. 12 (5): 502–509. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001973. PMID 17325717. S2CID 764484.
  117. ^ Silberschmidt AL, Sponheim SR (March 2008). "Personality in relation to genetic liability for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: differential associations with the COMT Val 108/158 Met polymorphism". Schizophrenia Research. 100 (1–3): 316–324. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.467. PMC 2682527. PMID 18201871.
  118. ^ Giakoumaki SG, Roussos P, Bitsios P (December 2008). "Improvement of prepulse inhibition and executive function by the COMT inhibitor tolcapone depends on COMT Val158Met polymorphism". Neuropsychopharmacology. 33 (13): 3058–3068. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.82. PMID 18536698. S2CID 3130616.
  119. ^ Rodríguez-Toscano E, Martínez K, Fraguas D, Janssen J, Pina-Camacho L, Arias B, et al. (2022-04-01). "Prefrontal abnormalities, executive dysfunction and symptoms severity are modulated by COMT Val158Met polymorphism in first episode psychosis". Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental. 15 (2): 74–87. doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.11.002. ISSN 1888-9891. PMID 35840287. S2CID 244126716.
  120. ^ Thermenos HW, Keshavan MS, Juelich RJ, Molokotos E, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Brent BK, et al. (October 2013). "A review of neuroimaging studies of young relatives of individuals with schizophrenia: a developmental perspective from schizotaxia to schizophrenia". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 162B (7): 604–635. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32170. PMID 24132894. S2CID 32797877.
  121. ^ Roussos P, Giakoumaki SG, Rogdaki M, Pavlakis S, Frangou S, Bitsios P (November 2008). "Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex depends on the catechol O-methyltransferase Val158Met gene polymorphism". Psychological Medicine. 38 (11): 1651–1658. doi:10.1017/S0033291708002912. PMID 18261249. S2CID 29311411.
  122. ^ Krug A, Markov V, Sheldrick A, Krach S, Jansen A, Zerres K, et al. (December 2009). "The effect of the COMT val(158)met polymorphism on neural correlates of semantic verbal fluency". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 259 (8): 459–465. doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0010-8. PMID 19381707. S2CID 20321844.
  123. ^ Nolan KA, Bilder RM, Lachman HM, Volavka J (February 2004). "Catechol O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism in schizophrenia: differential effects of Val and Met alleles on cognitive stability and flexibility". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (2): 359–361. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.359. PMID 14754787.
  124. ^ Demily C, Louchart-de-la-Chapelle S, Nkam I, Ramoz N, Denise P, Nicolas A, et al. (December 2016). "Does COMT val158met polymorphism influence P50 sensory gating, eye tracking or saccadic inhibition dysfunctions in schizophrenia?". Psychiatry Research. 246: 738–744. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.066. PMID 27825784. S2CID 207452788.
  125. ^ Krautheim JT, Straube B, Dannlowski U, Pyka M, Schneider-Hassloff H, Drexler R, et al. (March 2018). "Outgroup emotion processing in the vACC is modulated by childhood trauma and CACNA1C risk variant". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 13 (3): 341–348. doi:10.1093/scan/nsy004. PMC 5836282. PMID 29385621.
  126. ^ Klaus K, Butler K, Gutierrez H, Durrant SJ, Pennington K (July 2018). "Interactive effects of early life stress and CACNA1C genotype on cortisol awakening response" (PDF). Biological Psychology. 136: 22–28. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.05.002. PMID 29733866. S2CID 13679165.
  127. ^ Youngs MA (2021). Investigating Individual Differences in Acute Psychosocial Stress Reactivity and Evaluation of Wearable Devices for Heart Rate Variability Measurement (mres thesis). University of Lincoln.
  128. ^ Weinstein DD, Diforio D, Schiffman J, Walker E, Bonsall R (April 1999). "Minor physical anomalies, dermatoglyphic asymmetries, and cortisol levels in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 156 (4): 617–623. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.617. PMID 10200743. S2CID 9094296.
  129. ^ Pasparakis E, Koiliari E, Zouraraki C, Tsapakis EM, Roussos P, Giakoumaki SG, et al. (June 2015). "The effects of the CACNA1C rs1006737 A/G on affective startle modulation in healthy males". European Psychiatry. 30 (4): 492–498. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.03.004. PMID 25841664. S2CID 30938090.
  130. ^ Lancaster TM, Heerey EA, Mantripragada K, Linden DE (October 2014). "CACNA1C risk variant affects reward responsiveness in healthy individuals". Translational Psychiatry. 4 (10): e461. doi:10.1038/tp.2014.100. PMC 4350510. PMID 25290268. S2CID 1654916.
  131. ^ Green EK, Grozeva D, Jones I, Jones L, Kirov G, Caesar S, et al. (October 2010). "The bipolar disorder risk allele at CACNA1C also confers risk of recurrent major depression and of schizophrenia". Molecular Psychiatry. 15 (10): 1016–1022. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.49. PMC 3011210. PMID 19621016. S2CID 6297556.
  132. ^ Roussos P, Bitsios P, Giakoumaki SG, McClure MM, Hazlett EA, New AS, et al. (March 2013). "CACNA1C as a risk factor for schizotypal personality disorder and schizotypy in healthy individuals". Psychiatry Research. 206 (1): 122–123. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.039. PMC 4176879. PMID 22985546.
  133. ^ Stefanis NC, Hatzimanolis A, Avramopoulos D, Smyrnis N, Evdokimidis I, Stefanis CN, et al. (November 2013). "Variation in psychosis gene ZNF804A is associated with a refined schizotypy phenotype but not neurocognitive performance in a large young male population". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 39 (6): 1252–1260. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbs110. PMC 3796069. PMID 23155182.
  134. ^ Lencz T, Szeszko PR, DeRosse P, Burdick KE, Bromet EJ, Bilder RM, et al. (October 2010). "A schizophrenia risk gene, ZNF804A, influences neuroanatomical and neurocognitive phenotypes". Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (11): 2284–2291. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.102. PMC 2939918. PMID 20664580. S2CID 19216888.
  135. ^ Yasuda Y, Hashimoto R, Ohi K, Fukumoto M, Umeda-Yano S, Yamamori H, et al. (May 2011). "Impact on schizotypal personality trait of a genome-wide supported psychosis variant of the ZNF804A gene". Neuroscience Letters. 495 (3): 216–220. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.069. PMID 21457757. S2CID 45364708.
  136. ^ Del Re EC, Bergen SE, Mesholam-Gately RI, Niznikiewicz MA, Goldstein JM, Woo TU, et al. (January 2014). "Analysis of schizophrenia-related genes and electrophysiological measures reveals ZNF804A association with amplitude of P300b elicited by novel sounds". Translational Psychiatry. 4 (1): e346. doi:10.1038/tp.2013.117. PMC 3905227. PMID 24424392. S2CID 16062551.
  137. ^ Wassink TH, Epping EA, Rudd D, Axelsen M, Ziebell S, Fleming FW, et al. (September 2012). "Influence of ZNF804a on brain structure volumes and symptom severity in individuals with schizophrenia". Archives of General Psychiatry. 69 (9): 885–892. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2116. PMC 3852666. PMID 22945618.
  138. ^ Wassink TH, Nopoulos P, Pietila J, Crowe RR, Andreasen NC (April 2003). "NOTCH4 and the frontal lobe in schizophrenia". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 118B (1): 1–7. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10071. PMID 12627456. S2CID 23380937.
  139. ^ DiLalla LF, McCrary M, Diaz E (September 2017). "A review of endophenotypes in schizophrenia and autism: The next phase for understanding genetic etiologies". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics. 175 (3): 354–361. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31566. PMID 28661580. S2CID 4441493.
  140. ^ Xie X, Zu M, Zhang L, Bai T, Wei L, Huang W, et al. (July 2020). "A common variant of the NOTCH4 gene modulates functional connectivity of the occipital cortex and its relationship with schizotypal traits". BMC Psychiatry. 20 (1): 363. doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02773-z. PMC 7346398. PMID 32646407.
  141. ^ Bulbena-Cabre A, Bassir Nia A, Perez-Rodriguez MM (August 2018). "Current Knowledge on Gene-Environment Interactions in Personality Disorders: an Update". Current Psychiatry Reports. 20 (9): 74. doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0934-7. PMID 30094700. S2CID 51954090.
  142. ^ Köse SS, Erbaş O (2020). "Personality disorders diagnosis, causes, and treatments". Demiroglu Science University Florence Nightingale Journal of Transplantation. 5 (2): 022–031. doi:10.5606/dsufnjt.2020.013. ISSN 2667-6680. S2CID 234447745.
  143. ^ Ma G, Fan H, Shen C, Wang W (June 2016). "Genetic and Neuroimaging Features of Personality Disorders: State of the Art". Neuroscience Bulletin. 32 (3): 286–306. doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8. PMC 5563771. PMID 27037690.
  144. ^ Vora AK, Fisher AM, New AS, Hazlett EA, McNamara M, Yuan Q, et al. (June 2018). "Dimensional Traits of Schizotypy Associated With Glycine Receptor GLRA1 Polymorphism: An Exploratory Candidate-Gene Association Study". Journal of Personality Disorders. 32 (3): 421–432. doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_303. PMC 5856645. PMID 28758885.
  145. ^ Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Nakazawa T, Okada T, Yasuda Y, Yamamori H, et al. (2012-04-18). "The p250GAP gene is associated with risk for schizophrenia and schizotypal personality traits". PLOS ONE. 7 (4): e35696. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...735696O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035696. PMC 3329470. PMID 22530067.
  146. ^ Walter EE, Fernandez F, Snelling M, Barkus E (2016). "Genetic Consideration of Schizotypal Traits: A Review". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1769. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01769. PMC 5108787. PMID 27895608.
  147. ^ Lett TA, Voineskos AN, Kennedy JL, Levine B, Daskalakis ZJ (March 2014). "Treating working memory deficits in schizophrenia: a review of the neurobiology". Biological Psychiatry. 75 (5): 361–370. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.07.026. PMID 24011822. S2CID 23781971.
  148. ^ Esterberg ML, Trotman HD, Brasfield JL, Compton MT, Walker EF (September 2008). "Childhood and current autistic features in adolescents with schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 104 (1–3): 265–273. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.04.029. PMC 4416647. PMID 18554872.
  149. ^ Shapiro DI, Cubells JF, Ousley OY, Rockers K, Walker EF (June 2011). "Prodromal symptoms in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 129 (1): 20–28. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.030. PMC 3100383. PMID 21507614.
  150. ^ Esposito CM, Enrico P, Sciortino D, Caletti E, Marchetti GB, Cesaretti C, et al. (2021). "Case Report: The Association Between Chromosomal Anomalies and Cluster A Personality Disorders: The Case of Two Siblings With 16p11.2 Deletion and a Review of the Literature". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 689359. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.689359. PMC 8217436. PMID 34168584.
  151. ^ Venables PH, Raine A (August 2012). "Poor nutrition at age 3 and schizotypal personality at age 23: the mediating role of age 11 cognitive functioning". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (8): 822–830. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11081173. PMID 22772085.
  152. ^ Howes OD, Bose SK, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Valmaggia LR, et al. (December 2011). "Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (12): 1311–1317. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010160. PMC 3682447. PMID 21768612.
  153. ^ Woodward ND, Cowan RL, Park S, Ansari MS, Baldwin RM, Li R, et al. (April 2011). "Correlation of individual differences in schizotypal personality traits with amphetamine-induced dopamine release in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (4): 418–426. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10020165. PMC 3770457. PMID 21159728.
  154. ^ Pekcec A, Schülert N, Stierstorfer B, Deiana S, Dorner-Ciossek C, Rosenbrock H (July 2018). "Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor or its downstream signalling by inhibiting phosphodiesterase-1 improves cognitive performance". British Journal of Pharmacology. 175 (14): 3021–3033. doi:10.1111/bph.14350. PMC 6016630. PMID 29726015.
  155. ^ Chemerinski E, Siever LJ, Koenigsberg HW (2005-12-01). "Dopamine regulation in schizotypal personality disorder and psychosis". Current Psychosis & Therapeutics Reports. 3 (4): 162–168. doi:10.1007/BF02629449. ISSN 1545-8091. S2CID 144051452 – via SpringerLink.
  156. ^ Goldman-Rakic PS, Castner SA, Svensson TH, Siever LJ, Williams GV (June 2004). "Targeting the dopamine D1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction". Psychopharmacology. 174 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1793-y. PMID 15118803. S2CID 25015952.
  157. ^ Kirschner M, Hager OM, Muff L, Bischof M, Hartmann-Riemer MN, Kluge A, et al. (January 2018). "Ventral Striatal Dysfunction and Symptom Expression in Individuals With Schizotypal Personality Traits and Early Psychosis". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 44 (1): 147–157. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw142. PMC 5767950. PMID 27798223.
  158. ^ Waltmann M, O'Daly O, Egerton A, McMullen K, Kumari V, Barker GJ, et al. (2019-01-01). "Multi-echo fMRI, resting-state connectivity, and high psychometric schizotypy". NeuroImage. Clinical. 21: 101603. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.11.013. PMC 6413302. PMID 30503214. S2CID 53873865.
  159. ^ Siever LJ, Davis KL (2004-03-01). "The Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Disorders: Perspectives From the Spectrum". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (3): 398–413. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.398. PMID 14992962.
  160. ^ Rössler J, Unterassner L, Wyss T, Haker H, Brugger P, Rössler W, et al. (April 2019). "Schizotypal Traits are Linked to Dopamine-Induced Striato-Cortical Decoupling: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 45 (3): 680–688. doi:10.1093/schbul/sby079. PMC 6483584. PMID 29878280.
  161. ^ Miyake N, Thompson J, Skinbjerg M, Abi-Dargham A (April 2011). "Presynaptic dopamine in schizophrenia". CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. 17 (2): 104–109. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00230.x. PMC 6493810. PMID 21199451.
  162. ^ Fervaha G, Remington G (June 2013). "Neuroimaging findings in schizotypal personality disorder: a systematic review". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 43: 96–107. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.014. PMID 23220094. S2CID 25236324.
  163. ^ Howes OD, Bose SK, Turkheimer F, Valli I, Egerton A, Valmaggia LR, et al. (December 2011). "Dopamine synthesis capacity before onset of psychosis: a prospective [18F]-DOPA PET imaging study". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (12): 1311–1317. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010160. PMC 3682447. PMID 21768612.
  164. ^ Egerton A, Chaddock CA, Winton-Brown TT, Bloomfield MA, Bhattacharyya S, Allen P, et al. (July 2013). "Presynaptic striatal dopamine dysfunction in people at ultra-high risk for psychosis: findings in a second cohort". Biological Psychiatry. Corticostriatal Networks, Psychopathology, and Treatment. 74 (2): 106–112. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.017. PMID 23312565. S2CID 25232879.
  165. ^ Levitt JJ, Westin CF, Nestor PG, Estepar RS, Dickey CC, Voglmaier MM, et al. (January 2004). "Shape of caudate nucleus and its cognitive correlates in neuroleptic-naive schizotypal personality disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 55 (2): 177–184. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.005. PMC 2793335. PMID 14732598.
  166. ^ Haidar H, Bouix S, Levitt JJ, McCarley RW, Shenton ME, Soul JS (October 2006). "Characterizing the shape of anatomical structures with Poisson's equation". IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 25 (10): 1249–1257. doi:10.1109/TMI.2006.881378. PMC 2785042. PMID 17024829.
  167. ^ Niethammer M, Reuter M, Wolter FE, Bouix S, Peinecke N, Koo MS, et al. (2007). Global Medical Shape Analysis Using the Laplace-Beltrami Spectrum. Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2007. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4791. pp. 850–857. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75757-3_103. ISBN 978-3-540-75756-6. PMC 2782516. PMID 18051138.
  168. ^ Koo MS, Levitt JJ, McCarley RW, Seidman LJ, Dickey CC, Niznikiewicz MA, et al. (July 2006). "Reduction of caudate nucleus volumes in neuroleptic-naïve female subjects with schizotypal personality disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 60 (1): 40–48. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.028. PMC 2768064. PMID 16460694.
  169. ^ Levitt JJ, Styner M, Niethammer M, Bouix S, Koo MS, Voglmaier MM, et al. (May 2009). "Shape abnormalities of caudate nucleus in schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 110 (1–3): 127–139. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.11.012. PMC 2756791. PMID 19328654.
  170. ^ Levitt JJ, McCarley RW, Dickey CC, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, Seidman LJ, et al. (July 2002). "MRI study of caudate nucleus volume and its cognitive correlates in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (7): 1190–1197. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1190. PMC 2826363. PMID 12091198.
  171. ^ Dickey CC, McCarley RW, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, Seidman LJ, Hirayasu Y, et al. (June 1999). "Schizotypal personality disorder and MRI abnormalities of temporal lobe gray matter". Biological Psychiatry. 45 (11): 1393–1402. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00030-X. PMC 2832794. PMID 10356620. S2CID 9398471.
  172. ^ Zhu Y, Tang Y, Zhang T, Li H, Tang Y, Li C, et al. (February 2017). "Reduced functional connectivity between bilateral precuneus and contralateral parahippocampus in schizotypal personality disorder". BMC Psychiatry. 17 (1): 48. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1146-5. PMC 5288938. PMID 28152990.
  173. ^ Dickey CC, Shenton ME, Hirayasu Y, Fischer I, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, et al. (January 2000). "Large CSF volume not attributable to ventricular volume in schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1176/ajp.157.1.48. PMC 2832789. PMID 10618012.
  174. ^ Asami T, Whitford TJ, Bouix S, Dickey CC, Niznikiewicz M, Shenton ME, et al. (April 2013). "Globally and locally reduced MRI gray matter volumes in neuroleptic-naive men with schizotypal personality disorder: association with negative symptoms". JAMA Psychiatry. 70 (4): 361–372. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.665. PMID 23389420.
  175. ^ Dickey CC, McCarley RW, Voglmaier MM, Frumin M, Niznikiewicz MA, Hirayasu Y, et al. (September 2002). "Smaller left Heschl's gyrus volume in patients with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (9): 1521–1527. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1521. PMC 2832788. PMID 12202272.
  176. ^ Dickey CC, McCarley RW, Voglmaier MM, Niznikiewicz MA, Seidman LJ, Frumin M, et al. (November 2003). "A MRI study of fusiform gyrus in schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 64 (1): 35–39. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00529-7. PMC 2848253. PMID 14511799. S2CID 8218211.
  177. ^ Lener MS, Wong E, Tang CY, Byne W, Goldstein KE, Blair NJ, et al. (January 2015). "White matter abnormalities in schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 41 (1): 300–310. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu093. PMC 4266294. PMID 24962608.
  178. ^ Dickey CC, McCarley RW, Shenton ME (2002). "The brain in schizotypal personality disorder: a review of structural MRI and CT findings". Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 10 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/10673220216201. PMC 2854016. PMID 11751641.
  179. ^ Goldstein KE, Hazlett EA, New AS, Haznedar MM, Newmark RE, Zelmanova Y, et al. (July 2009). "Smaller superior temporal gyrus volume specificity in schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 112 (1–3): 14–23. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.027. PMC 2782902. PMID 19473820.
  180. ^ Takayanagi Y, Sasabayashi D, Takahashi T, Furuichi A, Kido M, Nishikawa Y, et al. (February 2020). "Reduced Cortical Thickness in Schizophrenia and Schizotypal Disorder". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 46 (2): 387–394. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz051. PMC 7406196. PMID 31167030.
  181. ^ Perez-Rodriguez MM, Zaluda L, New AS (April 2013). "Biological Advances in Personality Disorders". FOCUS. 11 (2): 146–154. doi:10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.146. ISSN 1541-4094.
  182. ^ Hazlett EA, Collazo T, Zelmanova Y, Entis JJ, Chu KW, Goldstein KE, et al. (November 2012). "Anterior limb of the internal capsule in schizotypal personality disorder: fiber-tract counting, volume, and anisotropy". Schizophrenia Research. 141 (2–3): 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.022. PMC 3742803. PMID 22995934.
  183. ^ Suzuki M, Zhou SY, Hagino H, Takahashi T, Kawasaki Y, Nohara S, et al. (April 2004). "Volume reduction of the right anterior limb of the internal capsule in patients with schizotypal disorder". Psychiatry Research. 130 (3): 213–225. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.01.001. PMID 15135156. S2CID 40481295.
  184. ^ Hazlett EA, Goldstein KE, Kolaitis JC (February 2012). "A review of structural MRI and diffusion tensor imaging in schizotypal personality disorder". Current Psychiatry Reports. 14 (1): 70–78. doi:10.1007/s11920-011-0241-z. PMC 3256320. PMID 22006127.
  185. ^ Hazlett EA, Goldstein KE, Tajima-Pozo K, Speidel ER, Zelmanova Y, Entis JJ, et al. (April 2011). "Cingulate and temporal lobe fractional anisotropy in schizotypal personality disorder". NeuroImage. 55 (3): 900–908. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.082. PMC 3262398. PMID 21223999.
  186. ^ Gurrera RJ, Nakamura M, Kubicki M, Dickey CC, Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier MM, et al. (February 2007). "The uncinate fasciculus and extraversion in schizotypal personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study". Schizophrenia Research. 90 (1–3): 360–362. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.10.003. PMC 1876710. PMID 17126532.
  187. ^ a b Lagioia A, Eliez S, Schneider M, Simons JS, Van der Linden M, Debbané M (April 2011). "Neural correlates of reality monitoring during adolescence" (PDF). NeuroImage. 55 (3): 1393–1400. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.058. hdl:2268/242658. PMID 21195192. S2CID 757306.
  188. ^ Liu K, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Wu J, Lei Y, et al. (2016). "Characterization of the Fiber Connectivity Profile of the Cerebral Cortex in Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A Pilot Study". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 809. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00809. PMC 4884735. PMID 27303358.
  189. ^ Sasabayashi D, Takayanagi Y, Takahashi T, Nemoto K, Furuichi A, Kido M, et al. (January 2020). "Increased brain gyrification in the schizophrenia spectrum". Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 74 (1): 70–76. doi:10.1111/pcn.12939. PMID 31596011. S2CID 203985518.
  190. ^ Hazlett EA, Buchsbaum MS, Haznedar MM, Newmark R, Goldstein KE, Zelmanova Y, et al. (April 2008). "Cortical gray and white matter volume in unmedicated schizotypal and schizophrenia patients". Schizophrenia Research. 101 (1–3): 111–123. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.472. PMC 2672563. PMID 18272348. S2CID 12723481.
  191. ^ Perez-Rodriguez MM, New AS, Goldstein KE, Rosell D, Yuan Q, Zhou Z, et al. (May 2017). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met genotype modulates amygdala habituation". Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging. 263: 85–92. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.03.008. PMC 5856456. PMID 28371657.
  192. ^ Stanfield AC, Philip RC, Whalley H, Romaniuk L, Hall J, Johnstone EC, et al. (October 2017). "Dissociation of Brain Activation in Autism and Schizotypal Personality Disorder During Social Judgments". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 43 (6): 1220–1228. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx083. PMC 5737648. PMID 29088456.
  193. ^ Chemerinski E, Byne W, Kolaitis JC, Glanton CF, Canfield EL, Newmark RE, et al. (January 2013). "Larger putamen size in antipsychotic-naïve individuals with schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 143 (1): 158–164. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.11.003. PMC 3634353. PMID 23187070.
  194. ^ Romo-Nava F, Hoogenboom WS, Pelavin PE, Alvarado JL, Bobrow LH, Macmaster FP, et al. (May 2013). "Pituitary volume in schizophrenia spectrum disorders". Schizophrenia Research. 146 (1–3): 301–307. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.024. PMC 3760333. PMID 23522905.
  195. ^ Cadenhead KS, Light GA, Geyer MA, McDowell JE, Braff DL (May 2002). "Neurobiological measures of schizotypal personality disorder: defining an inhibitory endophenotype?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (5): 869–871. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.869. PMID 11986147.
  196. ^ Hazlett EA, Levine J, Buchsbaum MS, Silverman JM, New A, Sevin EM, et al. (September 2003). "Deficient attentional modulation of the startle response in patients with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (9): 1621–1626. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1621. PMID 12944337.
  197. ^ Cadenhead KS, Swerdlow NR, Shafer KM, Diaz M, Braff DL (October 2000). "Modulation of the startle response and startle laterality in relatives of schizophrenic patients and in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of inhibitory deficits". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (10): 1660–1668. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1660. PMID 11007721.
  198. ^ Cadenhead KS, Geyer MA, Braff DL (December 1993). "Impaired startle prepulse inhibition and habituation in patients with schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (12): 1862–1867. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1862. PMID 8238643.
  199. ^ Siever LJ, Amin F, Coccaro EF, Trestman R, Silverman J, Horvath TB, et al. (January 1993). "CSF homovanillic acid in schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (1): 149–151. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.1.149. PMID 8417559.
  200. ^ Kwon JS, Shenton ME, Hirayasu Y, Salisbury DF, Fischer IA, Dickey CC, et al. (April 1998). "MRI study of cavum septi pellucidi in schizophrenia, affective disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (4): 509–515. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.509. PMC 2826366. PMID 9545997.
  201. ^ Anglin DM, Corcoran CM, Brown AS, Chen H, Lighty Q, Brook JS, et al. (May 2012). "Early cannabis use and schizotypal personality disorder symptoms from adolescence to middle adulthood". Schizophrenia Research. 137 (1–3): 45–49. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.019. PMC 3591468. PMID 22325079.
  202. ^ Davis GP, Compton MT, Wang S, Levin FR, Blanco C (December 2013). "Association between cannabis use, psychosis, and schizotypal personality disorder: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions". Schizophrenia Research. 151 (1–3): 197–202. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.10.018. PMC 3877688. PMID 24200416.
  203. ^ Hjorthøj C, Albert N, Nordentoft M (July 2018). "Association of Substance Use Disorders With Conversion From Schizotypal Disorder to Schizophrenia". JAMA Psychiatry. 75 (7): 733–739. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0568. PMC 6145672. PMID 29710317. S2CID 13966874.
  204. ^ Fridberg DJ, Vollmer JM, O'Donnell BF, Skosnik PD (March 2011). "Cannabis users differ from non-users on measures of personality and schizotypy". Psychiatry Research. 186 (1): 46–52. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.035. PMC 3036782. PMID 20813412.
  205. ^ Dong F, Liu J, Hodgson NA, Medoff-Cooper B (December 2021). "Early life factors of schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents: A systematic review". Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 28 (6): 1092–1112. doi:10.1111/jpm.12733. PMID 33502097. S2CID 231761157.
  206. ^ Deidre M. Anglina, Patricia R. Cohenab, Henian Chena (2008) Duration of early maternal separation and prediction of schizotypal symptoms from early adolescence to midlife, Schizophrenia Research Volume 103, Issue 1, Pages 143–150 (August 2008)
  207. ^ Howard Berenbaum, Ph.D., Eve M. Valera, Ph.D. and John G. Kerns, Ph.D. (2003) Psychological Trauma and Schizotypal Symptoms, Oxford Journals, Medicine, Schizophrenia Bulletin Volume 29, Number 1 Pp. 143–152
  208. ^ Tessner KD, Mittal V, Walker EF (March 2011). "Longitudinal study of stressful life events and daily stressors among adolescents at high risk for psychotic disorders". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (2): 432–441. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp087. PMC 3044629. PMID 19734244.
  209. ^ Liu J, Gong J, Nie G, He Y, Xiao B, Shen Y, et al. (October 2017). "The mediating effects of childhood neglect on the association between schizotypal and autistic personality traits and depression in a non-clinical sample". BMC Psychiatry. 17 (1): 352. doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1510-0. PMC 5655952. PMID 29065890.
  210. ^ Anglin DM, Cohen PR, Chen H (August 2008). "Duration of early maternal separation and prediction of schizotypal symptoms from early adolescence to midlife". Schizophrenia Research. 103 (1–3): 143–150. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.02.016. PMC 2603441. PMID 18407465.
  211. ^ Berenbaum H, Thompson RJ, Milanek ME, Boden MT, Bredemeier K (August 2008). "Psychological trauma and schizotypal personality disorder". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 117 (3): 502–519. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.3.502. PMID 18729605.
  212. ^ Ericson M, Tuvblad C, Raine A, Young-Wolff K, Baker LA (July 2011). "Heritability and longitudinal stability of schizotypal traits during adolescence". Behavior Genetics. 41 (4): 499–511. doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9401-x. PMC 3123391. PMID 21369821.
  213. ^ Wong KK, Raine A (2018-03-01). "Developmental Aspects of Schizotypy and Suspiciousness: a Review". Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports. 5 (1): 94–101. doi:10.1007/s40473-018-0144-y. PMC 5857559. PMID 29577010.
  214. ^ Machón RA, Huttunen MO, Mednick SA, Sinivuo J, Tanskanen A, Bunn Watson J, et al. (March 2002). "Adult schizotypal personality characteristics and prenatal influenza in a Finnish birth cohort". Schizophrenia Research. 54 (1–2): 7–16. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00346-2. PMID 11853973. S2CID 20875584.
  215. ^ Mayo Clinic Staff. "Schizotypal personality disorder". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
  216. ^ Dizinger JM, Doll CM, Rosen M, Gruen M, Daum L, Schultze-Lutter F, et al. (August 2022). "Does childhood trauma predict schizotypal traits? A path modelling approach in a cohort of help-seeking subjects". European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 272 (5): 909–922. doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01373-6. PMC 9279245. PMID 34982217.
  217. ^ a b Powers AD, Thomas KM, Ressler KJ, Bradley B (2011-07-01). "The differential effects of child abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder on schizotypal personality disorder". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 52 (4): 438–445. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.08.001. PMC 3122145. PMID 21683181.
  218. ^ Cohen P, Chen H, Gordon K, Johnson J, Brook J, Kasen S (2008). "Socioeconomic background and the developmental course of schizotypal and borderline personality disorder symptoms". Development and Psychopathology. 20 (2): 633–650. doi:10.1017/S095457940800031X. PMC 3857688. PMID 18423098.
  219. ^ Velikonja T, Velthorst E, McClure MM, Rutter S, Calabrese WR, Rosell D, et al. (July 2019). "Severe childhood trauma and clinical and neurocognitive features in schizotypal personality disorder". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 140 (1): 50–64. doi:10.1111/acps.13032. PMID 30951190. S2CID 96436653.
  220. ^ Esterberg ML, Goulding SM, Walker EF (December 2010). "Cluster A Personality Disorders: Schizotypal, Schizoid and Paranoid Personality Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence". Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 32 (4): 515–528. doi:10.1007/s10862-010-9183-8. PMC 2992453. PMID 21116455.
  221. ^ Olin SS, Raine A, Cannon TD, Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Mednick SA (1997). "Childhood behavior precursors of schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 23 (1): 93–103. doi:10.1093/schbul/23.1.93. PMID 9050116.
  222. ^ Raine A, Wong KK, Liu J (March 2021). "The Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire for Children (SPQ-C): Factor Structure, Child Abuse, and Family History of Schizotypy". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 47 (2): 323–331. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa100. PMC 8370046. PMID 32674122.
  223. ^ Berenbaum H, Valera EM, Kerns JG (2003). "Psychological trauma and schizotypal symptoms". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 29 (1): 143–152. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006985. PMID 12908670.
  224. ^ a b c "Schizotypal Personality Disorder (STPD) - Psychiatric Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  225. ^ Barrantes-Vidal N, Grant P, Kwapil TR (March 2015). "The role of schizotypy in the study of the etiology of schizophrenia spectrum disorders". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 41 (Suppl 2): S408–S416. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu191. PMC 4373635. PMID 25810055.
  226. ^ Raine A (1991). "The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 17 (4): 555–564. doi:10.1093/schbul/17.4.555. PMID 1805349.
  227. ^ Moore TM, Calkins ME, Reise SP, Gur RC, Gur RE (May 2018). "Development and public release of a computerized adaptive (CAT) version of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire". Psychiatry Research. 263: 250–256. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.022. PMC 5911247. PMID 29625786. S2CID 5004186.
  228. ^ Winterstein BP, Silvia PJ, Kwapil TR, Kaufman JC, Reiter-Palmon R, Wigert (2011). "Brief assessment of schizotypy: Developing short forms of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales". Personality and Individual Differences. 51 (8): 920–924. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.027.
  229. ^ Schizotypal Disorder Archived 2015-11-02 at the Wayback Machine in ICD-10: Clinical descriptions and guidelines. Archived 2014-03-23 at the Wayback Machine
  230. ^ a b Gross GM, Mellin J, Silvia PJ, Barrantes-Vidal N, Kwapil TR (October 2014). "Comparing the factor structure of the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire" (PDF). Personality Disorders. 5 (4): 397–405. doi:10.1037/per0000090. PMID 25314229.
  231. ^ a b Parvaiz R, Vindbjerg E, Crespi B, Happe F, Schalbroeck R, Al-Sayegh Z, et al. (2023-03-28). "Protocol for the development and testing of the schiZotypy Autism Questionnaire (ZAQ) in adults: a new screening tool to discriminate autism spectrum disorder from schizotypal disorder". BMC Psychiatry. 23 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 200. doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04690-3. ISSN 1471-244X. PMC 10044373. PMID 36978026.
  232. ^ Nilsson M, Arnfred S, Carlsson J, Nylander L, Pedersen L, Mortensen EL, et al. (2019-05-03). "Self-Disorders in Asperger Syndrome Compared to Schizotypal Disorder: A Clinical Study". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 46 (1). Oxford University Press: 121–129. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz036. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 6942161. PMID 34688345.
  233. ^ a b Millon T (2004). "Chapter 12 – The Schizotypal Personality" (PDF). Personality disorders in modern life. Wiley. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-471-23734-1. OCLC 57291241. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07.
  234. ^ The Millon Personality Group (8 March 2017). "Eccentric/Schizotypal Personality". Millon Theory. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  235. ^ Livesley WJ, West M (1986). "The DSM-III Distinction between Schizoid and Avoidant Personality Disorders". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 31 (1). SAGE Publications: 59–62. doi:10.1177/070674378603100112. ISSN 0706-7437. PMID 3948107. S2CID 46283956.
  236. ^ McWilliams N (2011). Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-60918-494-0.
  237. ^ McWilliams N, Lingiardi V, eds. (2017). Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-4625-3055-7.
  238. ^ Correll CU, Smith CW, Auther AM, McLaughlin D, Shah M, Foley C, et al. (October 2008). "Predictors of remission, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder in adolescents with brief psychotic disorder or psychotic disorder not otherwise specified considered at very high risk for schizophrenia". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 18 (5): 475–490. doi:10.1089/cap.2007.110. PMC 2779049. PMID 18928412.
  239. ^ a b c Pulay AJ, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, Goldstein RB, Chou SP, Huang B, et al. (2009). "Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: results from the wave 2 national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 11 (2): 53–67. doi:10.4088/pcc.08m00679. PMC 2707116. PMID 19617934.
  240. ^ a b c Sutker P (2002). Comprehensive handbook of psychopathology (3rd ed.). Kluwer Academic. ISBN 978-0-306-46490-4. OCLC 50322422.
  241. ^ Perris F, Fabrazzo M, De Santis V, Luciano M, Sampogna G, Fiorillo A, et al. (2019). "Comorbidity of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Clinical Response and Treatment Resistance to Pharmacotherapy in a 3-Year Follow-Up Naturalistic Study". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10: 386. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00386. PMC 6589899. PMID 31263430.
  242. ^ Murray R (2008). Essential psychiatry (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-60408-6. OCLC 298067373.
  243. ^ Attademo L, Bernardini F (October 2021). "Schizotypal personality disorder in clinical obsessive-compulsive disorder samples: a brief overview". CNS Spectrums. 26 (5): 468–480. doi:10.1017/S1092852920001716. PMID 32713392. S2CID 220796175.
  244. ^ Fossati A, Borroni S (2008). "When 'entities' are as intrusive as obsessions: A case study of the co-occurrence of obsessive–compulsive disorder and schizotypal personality disorder diagnoses". Personality and Mental Health. 2 (3): 192–200. doi:10.1002/pmh.42.
  245. ^ Cavanna AE, Robertson MM, Critchley HD (December 2007). "Schizotypal personality traits in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome". Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 116 (6): 385–391. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2007.00879.x. PMC 2275799. PMID 17986097.
  246. ^ a b Tasman A (2008). Psychiatry (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-06571-6. OCLC 264703257.
  247. ^ Walker E, Kestler L, Bollini A, Hochman KM (2004). "Schizophrenia: etiology and course". Annual Review of Psychology. 55 (1). Annual Reviews: 401–430. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141950. PMID 14744221.
  248. ^ Raine A (2006). "Schizotypal personality: neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2: 291–326. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095318. PMID 17716072.
  249. ^ Matsui M, Sumiyoshi T, Kato K, Yoneyama E, Kurachi M (April 2004). "Neuropsychological profile in patients with schizotypal personality disorder or schizophrenia". Psychological Reports. 94 (2). SAGE Publications: 387–397. doi:10.2466/pr0.94.2.387-397. PMID 15154161. S2CID 41869819.
  250. ^ Haznedar MM, Buchsbaum MS, Hazlett EA, Shihabuddin L, New A, Siever LJ (December 2004). "Cingulate gyrus volume and metabolism in the schizophrenia spectrum". Schizophrenia Research. 71 (2–3): 249–262. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.02.025. PMID 15474896. S2CID 28889346.
  251. ^ Kerridge BT, Saha TD, Hasin DS (2014). "DSM-IV schizotypal personality disorder: a taxometric analysis among individuals with and without substance use disorders in the general population". Mental Health and Substance Use. 7 (4): 446–460. doi:10.1080/17523281.2014.946076. PMC 4549000. PMID 26322122.
  252. ^ Giesbrecht T, Merckelbach H, Kater M, Sluis AF (October 2007). "Why dissociation and schizotypy overlap: the joint influence of fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, and childhood trauma". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 195 (10): 812–818. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181568137. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 18043521. S2CID 45086235.
  253. ^ @unknown{unknown, author = {Šram, Zlatko}, year = {2018}, month = {03}, title = {Childhood Trauma, the Occult, Dissociative Identity Disorder, and Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Relations on a Sample of Psychiatric Outpatients} }https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323526162_Childhood_Trauma_the_Occult_Dissociative_Identity_Disorder_and_Schizotypal_Personality_Disorder_Relations_on_a_Sample_of_Psychiatric_Outpatients
  254. ^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  255. ^ Bachetti MC, Cirimbilli F, Pierotti V, Menculini G, Tortorella A, Moretti P (September 2020). "A Dual Therapeutic Setting Model Experience for Schizotypal Personality Disorder in an Inpatient Unit" (PDF). Psychiatria Danubina. 32 (Suppl 1). Zagreb: 194–199. PMID 32890389.
  256. ^ Rass O, Forsyth JK, Krishnan GP, Hetrick WP, Klaunig MJ, Breier A, et al. (April 2012). "Auditory steady state response in the schizophrenia, first-degree relatives, and schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 136 (1–3): 143–149. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.01.003. PMC 3298621. PMID 22285558.
  257. ^ Dadić-Hero E, Ruzić K, Medved P, Tatalović-Vorkapić S, Graovac M (March 2010). "Antipsychotic side-effect - potential risk of patients rejecting their treatments". Psychiatria Danubina. 22 (1): 105–107. PMID 20305602.
  258. ^ a b Livesley W (2001). Handbook of personality disorders : theory, research, and treatment. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-629-5. OCLC 45750508.
  259. ^ Keshavan M, Shad M, Soloff P, Schooler N (November 2004). "Efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder". Schizophrenia Research. 71 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.12.008. PMID 15374577. S2CID 12551427.
  260. ^ McClure MM, Koenigsberg HW, Reynolds D, Goodman M, New A, Trestman R, et al. (August 2009). "The effects of risperidone on the cognitive performance of individuals with schizotypal personality disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 29 (4): 396–398. doi:10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181accfd9. PMC 4176874. PMID 19593186.
  261. ^ a b c Kirchner SK, Roeh A, Nolden J, Hasan A (October 2018). "Diagnosis and treatment of schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a systematic review". npj Schizophrenia. 4 (1): 20. doi:10.1038/s41537-018-0062-8. PMC 6170383. PMID 30282970. S2CID 52914783.
  262. ^ Jakobsen KD, Skyum E, Hashemi N, Schjerning O, Fink-Jensen A, Nielsen J (April 2017). "Antipsychotic treatment of schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder: a systematic review". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 31 (4): 397–405. doi:10.1177/0269881117695879. PMID 28347257. S2CID 12170130.
  263. ^ Miyazaki M, Simeon D, Hollander E (2017-05-01), "Treatment of Personality Disorders", The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology, American Psychiatric Association Publishing, doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615371624.as51, ISBN 978-1-58562-523-9, retrieved 2022-10-27
  264. ^ a b c Koch J, Modesitt T, Palmer M, Ward S, Martin B, Wyatt R, et al. (March 2016). "Review of pharmacologic treatment in cluster A personality disorders". The Mental Health Clinician. 6 (2): 75–81. doi:10.9740/mhc.2016.03.75. PMC 6007578. PMID 29955451.
  265. ^ Markovitz PJ, Calabrese JR, Schulz SC, Meltzer HY (August 1991). "Fluoxetine in the treatment of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 (8): 1064–1067. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.8.1064. PMID 1853957.
  266. ^ Harrow M, Jobe TH, Faull RN, Yang J (October 2017). "A 20-Year multi-followup longitudinal study assessing whether antipsychotic medications contribute to work functioning in schizophrenia". Psychiatry Research. 256: 267–274. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.069. PMC 5661946. PMID 28651219.
  267. ^ McClure MM, Harvey PD, Goodman M, Triebwasser J, New A, Koenigsberg HW, et al. (May 2010). "Pergolide treatment of cognitive deficits associated with schizotypal personality disorder: continued evidence of the importance of the dopamine system in the schizophrenia spectrum". Neuropsychopharmacology. 35 (6): 1356–1362. doi:10.1038/npp.2010.5. PMC 3055340. PMID 20130535. S2CID 7149320.
  268. ^ Graff FS, McClure MM, Siever LJ (2014-12-01). "Remediation and Cognitive Enhancers in Schizotypal Personality Disorder". Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry. 1 (4): 369–375. doi:10.1007/s40501-014-0027-0. ISSN 2196-3061. S2CID 145447269.
  269. ^ a b McClure MM, Graff F, Triebwasser J, Perez-Rodriguez M, Rosell DR, Koenigsberg H, et al. (April 2019). "Guanfacine Augmentation of a Combined Intervention of Computerized Cognitive Remediation Therapy and Social Skills Training for Schizotypal Personality Disorder". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 176 (4): 307–314. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030349. PMC 6443471. PMID 30654644. S2CID 58626454.
  270. ^ McClure MM, Barch DM, Romero MJ, Minzenberg MJ, Triebwasser J, Harvey PD, et al. (May 2007). "The effects of guanfacine on context processing abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder". Biological Psychiatry. Multiple Genotypes and Brain Development in Schizophrenia. 61 (10): 1157–1160. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.034. PMID 16950221. S2CID 17772053.
  271. ^ Arnsten AF, Jin LE (March 2012). "Guanfacine for the treatment of cognitive disorders: a century of discoveries at Yale". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 85 (1): 45–58. PMC 3313539. PMID 22461743.
  272. ^ Rosell DR, Zaluda LC, McClure MM, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Strike KS, Barch DM, et al. (January 2015). "Effects of the D1 dopamine receptor agonist dihydrexidine (DAR-0100A) on working memory in schizotypal personality disorder". Neuropsychopharmacology. 40 (2): 446–453. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.192. PMC 4443959. PMID 25074637. S2CID 30635726.
  273. ^ Arnsten AF, Girgis RR, Gray DL, Mailman RB (January 2017). "Novel Dopamine Therapeutics for Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia". Biological Psychiatry. Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia. 81 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.12.028. PMC 4949134. PMID 26946382.
  274. ^ McClure M, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Rosell D, Ejebe K, Siever L, New A (2019). "T38. Dopamine Enhancement of Verbal Learning in the Schizophrenia Spectrum". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 45 (Suppl 2): S218. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz019.318. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 6455598.
  275. ^ McGurk SR (April 2019). "Cognitive Remediation and Social Skills Training for Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Greater Gains With Guanfacine?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 176 (4): 265–266. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19020144. PMID 30929501. S2CID 89618769.
  276. ^ McClure M, Graff F, Perez-Rodriguez M, Rosell D, Hazlett E, New AS, et al. (2017-03-01). "SA25. Guanfacine Augmentation of Cognitive Remediation Therapy in the Schizophrenia Spectrum: Prospects for Improving Cognitive Performance and Functional Skills". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 43 (suppl_1): S122. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx023.024. ISSN 0586-7614. PMC 5475916.
  277. ^ a b Stone MH (2014-05-05), "Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders", Gabbard?s Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, American Psychiatric Publishing, doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781585625048.gg68, ISBN 978-1-58562-442-3, retrieved 2022-10-30
  278. ^ McClure MM, Graff F, Triebwasser J, Perez-Rodriguez M, Rosell DR, Koenigsberg H, et al. (2019-01-18). "Guanfacine Augmentation of a Combined Intervention of Computerized Cognitive Remediation Therapy and Social Skills Training for Schizotypal Personality Disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 176 (4): 307–314. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030349. ISSN 0002-953X. PMC 6443471. PMID 30654644.
  279. ^ Jeppesen UN, Due AS, Mariegaard L, Pinkham A, Vos M, Veling W, et al. (August 2022). "Face Your Fears: Virtual reality-based cognitive behavioral therapy (VR-CBT) versus standard CBT for paranoid ideations in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a randomized clinical trial". Trials. 23 (1): 658. doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06614-0. PMC 9377061. PMID 35971137.
  280. ^ Ryan A, Macdonald A, Walker E (2013). "The Treatment of Adolescents With Schizotypal Personality Disorder and Related Conditions: A Practice-Oriented Review of the Literature". Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 20 (4): 408–424. doi:10.1111/cpsp.12050 – via Wiley Online Library.
  281. ^ Raine A, Mellingen K, Liu J, Venables P, Mednick SA (September 2003). "Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3-5 years on schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior at ages 17 and 23 years". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (9): 1627–1635. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.9.1627. PMID 12944338.
  282. ^ Oldham J, Skodol AE, Bender DS (2005). The American Psychiatric Publishing textbook of personality disorders. American Psychiatric Pub. ISBN 978-1-58562-159-0. OCLC 56733258.
  283. ^ Siever LJ (1992). "Schizophrenia spectrum disorders". Review of Psychiatry. 11: 25–42.


[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schizotypal_personality_disorder&oldid=1257801531"